PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility and the most common endocrine disorder in women. Globally, it affects 6% to 26% of women during their childbearing years. This figure ranges between 3.7% to 22.5% for women in India.

Although it is a widely recognised hormonal disorder, many women are unaware that it also affects their metabolism, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, sleep cycles, and mental health. When left unchecked, the buildup of the uterine lining could even increase the risk of endometrial cancer!

Thus, it is crucial to be aware of PCOS in detail—from causes and symptoms to treatment and more!

What is PCOS?

Before understanding PCOS, one needs first to understand the basics of the female reproductive system.

The ovaries primarily produce two key hormones—estrogen and progesterone—which regulate the menstrual cycle. They also produce small amounts of androgens, which are male hormones present in all females at low levels.

The ovaries release one mature egg every month for fertilisation known as ovulation. This cycle is regulated by two hormones produced by the pituitary gland: the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinising hormone (LH).

PCOS, or polycystic ovary syndrome, is a hormonal condition that affects women between the ages of 15 to 44 years. Due to PCOS, the ovaries develop multiple cysts (poly-cysts) marked by the presence of several small, fluid-filled sacs.

These sacs contain eggs that fail to mature and trigger an ovulation cycle. The immature eggs alter the levels of estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH.

At the same time, there is an increase in androgens, which further limits the ovaries’ ability to release mature eggs. Such hormonal disruption comes in the way of a regular menstrual cycle.

Also read: Ovaries at Work: The 9 to 5 of PCOD

Causes and Risk Factors of PCOS

Despite the prevalence of PCOS, doctors are not quite sure what causes it in the first place. However, the following are some causes and risk factors of PCOS:

• Genes: PCOS has a genetic component since it often runs in families. If your mother or sister has PCOS, then you’re more likely to develop it.

• Hormonal Imbalance: Elevated levels of androgens block normal ovarian functions. This causes issues like the formation of ovarian cysts due to immature eggs and irregular menstrual cycles.

• Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance is when the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin. The higher insulin levels trigger elevated androgen levels and weight gain, which worsen PCOS.

• Inflammation: Persistent low-grade inflammation stimulates androgen production, exacerbating PCOS symptoms.

• Obesity and Weight Gain: Obesity and weight gain increase insulin resistance and upset hormonal balance, worsening PCOS.

• Environmental factors: Modern-day diets, stressful lifestyles, and exposure to certain chemicals have made PCOS more prevalent now.

Also, read: What is Antenatal Care and Why it is Important?

Signs and Symptoms of PCOS

1. Irregular Periods

2. Hirsutism

3. Acne and Oily Skin

4. Weight Gain

5. Acanthosis Nigricans

6. Fatigue

7. Female Pattern Baldness

8. Sleep Apnoea

9. Mental Health Stresses

You may experience mental health issues like depression and anxiety due to the various PCOS symptoms.

Suggested read: 10 Ways to Improve Mental Health at Workplace

Could You Have PCOS Even Without the Symptoms?

Yes, you may have PCOS even when you don’t show any of the above symptoms. You may only discover the condition when you’re trying to get pregnant or gaining weight for no apparent reason. You may even have mild PCOS, where the symptoms aren’t severe enough to raise concerns.

PCOS Diagnosis

1. Medical History

Your healthcare provider may review your medical history and focus on:

• Menstrual cycle patterns, especially if you have irregular, infrequent, or prolonged periods
• Family history, especially your close female relatives
• Weight fluctuations (particularly weight gain, and difficulty in losing weight)

2. Physical Exam

They will then conduct a physical exam where they’ll look at your:

• Body Mass Index (BMI) by measuring your height and weight
• Blood pressure and abdominal obesity
• Hair growth or loss patterns in specific areas
• Skin, specifically for any acne, skin tags, or darkened patches

They might also perform a pelvic exam to check for any signs of inflammation in your ovaries or reproductive tract.

3. Diagnostic Tests

To confirm the diagnosis, the physician may order the following diagnostic tests:

• Blood tests to measure your hormonal, insulin, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels
• Pelvic ultrasound to detect small cysts or enlarges ovaries
• Glucose tolerance test to identify insulin resistance
• Thyroid and prolactin tests to confirm that the symptoms are caused by PCOS rather than any other underlying condition

Quick read: How to Deal with Premenstrual Syndrome?

PCOS Treatment and Management

PCOS treatment and management requires a blend of lifestyle changes and medications. In some cases, it may even require surgical interventions. Depending on your condition your healthcare provider will tailor the treatment and management plan. Here’s what it may typically include:

1. Lifestyle Changes

You’ll have to be mindful of the following lifestyle changes to treat PCOS symptoms:

• Diet and Nutrition: Consume a balanced diet featuring lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Avoid processed and sugary foods and select anti-inflammatory foods like fatty fish and leafy greens.

• Exercise: Incorporate regular physical activity into your routine. Strength training and aerobic exercises promote cardiovascular health, improve insulin sensitivity, and boost mood.

• Weight Management: Achieve and maintain a healthy weight to fight insulin resistance. It also helps lower androgen levels and improves menstrual regularity.

2. Medications

The healthcare provider may prescribe you the following medicines:

• Hormonal Birth Control: Birth control pills meet your bodily requirement for female hormones and help regulate menstrual cycles. It also mitigates other symptoms of PCOS, such as acne breakouts or hirsutism.

• Fertility Drugs: If you’re trying to get pregnant, your physician may put you on fertility drugs that stimulate ovulation.

• Insulin Sensitising Medicines: If you have PCOS along with insulin resistance or risk of type 2 diabetes, you may be put on insulin sensitising medicines.

• Medicines to Block Androgens: These may be given with birth control pills to reduce symptoms like scalp hair thinning, excess hair growth, or acne.

3. Surgical Procedure

In case you don’t respond to any other treatments and are looking to conceive, the healthcare provider may recommend the following surgical intervention:

• Ovarian Drilling: This is a minimally invasive procedure where they make tiny punctures in the ovarian follicles to restore ovulation and reduce androgen production. Laparoscopic Ovarian drilling (LOD) is a second-line treatment to be considered in case of medical therapy failure. OD or LOD results in an overall spontaneous ovulation rate of 30 – 90% and final pregnancy rates of 13 – 88%

Also read: 6 Common Health Problems During Pregnancy

Is PCOS Completely Curable?

Tips for Living With PCOS

Since it’s been established that PCOS requires close monitoring and management, here are some tips to live a quality life even with PCOS:

• Eat whole foods, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables.
• Participate in cardio and strength training exercises to manage weight and improve mood.
• Practice relaxation techniques like yoga, mindfulness, or meditation to manage stress.
• Aim for seven to eight hours of sound sleep each night.
• Keep track of your menstrual cycle and notify your healthcare provider in case of any significant changes.
• Follow a skincare or haircare routine to manage symptoms like acne or hair thinning.
• Join PCOS support groups and forums to share your experiences, advice, and tips or to gain emotional support.

Also read: Top 6 Nutrient Foods During Pregnancy

When to Consult a Doctor?

Consult a doctor if you display any of the following symptoms:

• An irregular menstrual cycle (cycles longer than 40 days between periods)
• Missed periods when you’re not pregnant
• Excess hair growth, especially on your face
• Difficulty getting pregnant, especially if you’ve been trying for 12 months or more

Conclusion

PCOS and PCOD are challenges that can be addressed head-on with the right support, lifestyle changes, and medical guidance. Early diagnosis and vigilant management are crucial in preventing complications and taking control of your health.

If you’re experiencing any symptoms, it’s time to schedule a comprehensive health check-up through the Onsurity Super App. This includes 38 essential tests to help manage PCOS, keep your ovaries healthy, and ensure you’re on the right path to well-being.

Consult your healthcare provider for a personalised treatment plan that accounts for your unique lifestyle, conditions, and risks. You’ll regain control and lead a more balanced life with the right plan.

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