Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health: Causes, Respiratory Diseases & Prevention

Onsurity Editorial
November 28, 2024
8 min read

Table of Contents

Air Pollution: An Ever-Growing Concern

Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue affecting cities and towns across India, with severe consequences for both the environment and public health. While some areas experience extremely high levels of pollution, cities and rural areas throughout the country also face dangerous air quality, especially during the months of October, November and December.

Factors such as Urbanisation, vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, and agricultural practices contribute to diminishing air quality. People across India are at risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to exposure to harmful pollutants. Nearly 100% of India’s population breathes air that falls short of quality standards set by the World Health Organisation, making it the country’s second-largest public health risk after malnutrition. Exposure to poor air harms children’s brain development and cognitive abilities; it also puts them at greater risk for chronic diseases later in life.

India was ranked the fifth most polluted country in the world by WHO in 2019, based on PM2.5 emissions. The Indian cities, on average, exceeded the WHO threshold by an alarming 500%. In the Nothern Plain – the most polluted region of the country – 52 Crore residents (38.9% of the total population) are projected to lose an average of 8 years in life expectancy according to the WHO guidelines.

Conversely, if the guidelines were met, the region would gain 3.5 years in life expectancy while India’s capital and most populous city, Delhi would gain 11.9 years in life expectancy.

Let’s explore the causes of air pollution in India, its impact on public health, specific types of issues caused, and ways to prevent and treat them.

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Causes of Air Pollution in India

Air pollution in India is driven by multiple factors, both natural and man-made, and it varies across different regions of the country.

The primary causes include:

1. Vehicular Emissions

The increasing number of vehicles on the roads in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, and Chennai contributes significantly to air pollution. Exhaust emissions from vehicles, particularly older ones, release harmful gases like nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM).

2. Industrial Emissions

The growth of industries in urban and industrial zones leads to high levels of pollution. Factories in sectors such as cement, textiles, chemicals, and power plants emit large amounts of pollutants into the air.

3. Burning of Crop Residue

In states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, the practice of stubble burning during the harvest season releases vast quantities of particulate matter and toxic gases, worsening air quality across neighboring regions.

4. Construction Dust

Urban development and construction activities in cities contribute to large amounts of dust and particulate pollution, exacerbating air quality issues, especially during dry periods.

5. Seasonal Factors and Climate

During the winter months, cooler temperatures and stagnant air conditions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to thick smog in cities across northern India, including Delhi, Patna, and Kanpur.

6. Festivals and Fireworks

Festivals and cultural events often involve the widespread use of fireworks, which significantly contribute to the spike in air pollution levels across the country, releasing harmful particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and toxic gases. These factors create a hazardous combination that worsens air quality, especially during certain times of the year when pollution is trapped in the atmosphere.

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Consequences of Air Pollution on Health

The health consequences of air pollution in India are widespread, affecting individuals across various age groups, but particularly those who are vulnerable – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing conditions.

1. Respiratory Diseases

High levels of air pollution can contribute to chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and other pollutants irritate the lungs, making it harder to breathe and worsening pre-existing conditions.

2. Cardiovascular Problems

Research has shown that long-term exposure to polluted air can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Pollutants in the air can lead to inflammation in blood vessels, increasing the risk of these diseases.

3. Lung Cancer

Continued exposure to high levels of pollutants, especially PM2.5, has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer. These fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing cellular damage that may eventually result in cancer.

4. Premature Deaths

Studies estimate that air pollution is responsible for thousands of premature deaths across India each year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is a leading environmental risk factor for mortality worldwide.

5. Effects on Children

Children, with their developing lungs and immune systems, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. Exposure to polluted air can hinder lung development, cause developmental delays, and increase risks of respiratory infections, asthma, and allergies.

6. Mental Health Issues

Emerging studies suggest that prolonged exposure to air pollution can have negative effects on mental health, leading to issues such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. The physiological impact of pollutants on the brain, or the stress of living in a polluted environment, may be contributing factors.

Types of Respiratory Issues Caused by Air Pollution

Respiratory Issues Caused by Air Pollution: A quick list

Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Bronchitis
Lung Infections
Pulmonary fibrosis

Air pollution can cause a wide range of respiratory problems, which can have long-term health effects. Some of the key respiratory issues include:

1. Asthma

Air pollutants like ozone and PM2.5 can trigger asthma attacks and worsen symptoms in individuals who are already sensitive to these irritants.

2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Prolonged exposure to pollutants, particularly from sources like industrial emissions or tobacco smoke, can lead to COPD. This condition includes diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which obstruct airflow and make breathing difficult.

3. Chronic Bronchitis

This condition, characterised by a persistent cough and mucus production, can be worsened by air pollution, particularly from sources like industrial emissions or tobacco smoke.

4. Lung Infections

Exposure to high levels of pollution weakens the immune system and irritates the lungs, making individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.

5. Pulmonary Fibrosis

Long-term exposure to pollutants such as asbestos or silica dust can result in pulmonary fibrosis, a condition in which lung tissue becomes scarred, making it harder for individuals to breathe.

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Prevention of Air Pollution-Related Health Issues

There are several personal actions individuals can take to reduce their exposure and protect their health:

1. Stay Indoors

On days when air quality is poor, as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI), limit outdoor activities, especially strenuous exercises. Staying indoors can help reduce exposure to harmful pollutants.

2. Use Air Purifiers

Installing air purifiers with HEPA filters in homes and offices can reduce indoor air pollution by trapping fine particulate matter and allergens.

3. Wear Masks

On high pollution days, wearing N95 or P100 masks can help filter out harmful particles, especially when outdoors or in areas with heavy dust or smoke.

4. Ventilate Homes

Ensure that homes are well-ventilated to help clear indoor pollutants. Open windows when air quality improves, or use exhaust fans to improve airflow.

5. Limit Vehicle Use

Consider using public transportation, carpooling, or biking to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Avoid driving during peak traffic hours to limit exposure to vehicle emissions.

Taking these steps is critical when air quality is poor, to reduce chances of falling ill.

Treatment for Air Pollution-Related Health Issues

For those suffering from the health effects of air pollution, medical intervention may be necessary. Here are some common treatment options:

Medication for Respiratory Conditions: Patients with asthma or COPD may require bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other medications to manage symptoms. Inhalers and nebulisers can help open airways and reduce inflammation.

Oxygen Therapy: Individuals with severe lung conditions like COPD or pulmonary fibrosis may need supplemental oxygen to improve breathing and oxygen levels in the blood.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation: This involves exercises, physical activity, and education to help individuals improve lung function and overall fitness.

Lung Transplantation: In cases of severe, irreversible lung damage, a lung transplant may be considered, although this is generally a last resort for end-stage lung disease.

Regular Health Check-ups: Preventive health check-ups, including lung function tests, are important for early detection and management of air pollution-related health conditions.

Regular monitoring of health is the most crucial first step that people can take. Health Check-ups are now very convenient and accessible. They can be scheduled remotely, in advance, and completed in the comfort of your home. All Onsurity members can avail of significant discounts of up to 60% as part of their membership, making preventive care more affordable than ever. Early detection and proactive management of health concerns is a vital bare-minimum step that people can take to stay ahead of potential health risks.

Working Together to Battle Air Pollution

Understanding the causes and consequences of poor air quality is crucial for tackling its harmful effects. While systemic changes such as cleaner energy sources and stricter emission regulations are necessary, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from the adverse health impacts of air pollution.

Making informed choices, adopting preventive measures, and seeking timely medical care, can reduce the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. A collective effort is required to tackle this crisis and create a healthier, more sustainable future for all of India.

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FAQs:

1. Who is most vulnerable to air pollution?

Children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with preexisting health conditions such as asthma or heart disease are most vulnerable to air pollution. These groups face a higher risk of severe health effects from both short- and long-term exposure.

2. How does air pollution affect respiratory health?

Air pollution irritates the respiratory system, causing inflammation, increased mucus production, and narrowing of airways. It can worsen conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Long-term exposure may lead to chronic respiratory diseases, reduced lung function, and increased susceptibility to infections.

3. Can air pollution impact cardiovascular health?

Yes, air pollution can negatively impact cardiovascular health by increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. Pollutants such as PM2.5 and ozone cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions.

4. Are children particularly vulnerable to air pollution?

Yes, children are especially vulnerable to air pollution because their lungs are still developing, and they breathe in more air relative to their body size. Exposure to air pollution can impair lung growth, increase the risk of asthma, and may cause developmental delays and long-term respiratory issues.

5. What are the mental health effects associated with air pollution?

Air pollution has been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. Chronic exposure to pollutants may affect brain function, leading to impaired memory, learning difficulties, and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in children.

6. What are some short-term effects of air pollution on health?

Short-term effects of air pollution include eye irritation, coughing, sore throat, shortness of breath, and exacerbation of asthma or other respiratory conditions. People may also experience headaches, fatigue, and dizziness, especially in areas with high pollution levels.

7. What is the relationship between air pollution and chronic diseases?

Long-term exposure to air pollution is strongly linked to chronic diseases such as respiratory disorders (asthma, COPD), cardiovascular diseases (heart disease, stroke), diabetes, and even cancer. Pollutants like PM2.5 and NO₂ cause ongoing inflammation and oxidative damage to organs, increasing the risk of these diseases.

8. What can be done at the community level to combat air pollution?

At the community level, air pollution can be reduced by promoting the use of clean energy, encouraging public transportation, improving waste management practices, and planting trees to improve air quality. Communities can also raise awareness, advocate for stricter regulations on industrial emissions, and encourage sustainable practices to reduce pollution.